Ériq Ebouaney

Personal Info

Known For

Acting

Known Credits

0.6305

Gender

Male

Birthday

03-Oct-1967

Age

(59 years old)

Place of Birth

Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France

Also Known As
  • Eriq Ebouanet
  • Eriq Ebouanay
  • Eriq Ebouaney
  • Eriq Ebouney

Ériq Ebouaney

Biography

Eriq Ebouaney (born 3 October 1967) is a French actor. He is best known for his portrayal as the Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba in the 2000 film Lumumba, as "Blacktie" in Brian De Palma's Femme Fatale and as "Ice" in the 2008 action film Transporter 3 in which he starred opposite Jason Statham. Recently, Eriq appeared in the 2025 Indian-Malayalam film L2: Empuraan, playing the role of Kabuga. Ebouaney was born in Angers, France, the son of Cameroonian immigrants. As a child he didn't show any interest in acting and was set on becoming a businessman. However, at the age of 30, he joined a theatre company and left his job as a sales manager to become a professional actor. He made his film debut in 1996 in the Cédric Klapisch directed film Chacun cherche son chat. He landed a leading role in the 2000 film Lumumba in which he portrayed Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba. The film was shot in Beira, Mozambique. In 2002, he starred in Brian De Palma's Femme Fatale alongside Antonio Banderas. In 2004, he played the character of Jean Claude in Mark Bamford's debut feature Cape of Good Hope. In 2005 he starred in the award-winning Ridley Scott film, Kingdom of Heaven, in which he starred alongside Michael Sheen, Liam Neeson, Orlando Bloom, David Thewlis, Martin Hancock and Nathalie Cox. In 2006, he starred in The Front Line and La piste. In 2008, he played a supporting role in the critically acclaimed Australian film Disgrace featuring American actor John Malkovich, a small role in the Italian film Bianco e nero and later was cast as "Ice" in Transporter 3, featuring British actor Jason Statham. Description above from the Wikipedia article Eriq Ebouaney, licensed under CC-BY-SA, full list of contributors on Wikipedia.


Credits

Dakar Trottoirs Dakar Trottoirs (2013) Character: Maitre
Tough gangster film from Senegal centering around a young dealer and his girlfriend.
Villa mon rêve Villa mon rêve (2001) Character: Touré Dialo
Because they could no longer stand the xenophobic comments and behavior of their neighbors, Véronique and Sylvain Marchand, parents of a little girl and members of the Stop Racism organization, went into exile in a quiet suburban town, where they bought a house, the villa "Mon rêve". Soon after, the Dialo family, friendly Africans, moved into the adjoining house. At first, the two families get along perfectly. The only problem was that the Dialos organized many parties, which often ended late at night. The patience and understanding of the Marchands only delay the inevitable conflict.
La Piste La Piste (2006) Character: Kadjiro
After her mothers death, Grace, 14, decides to go back to Africa to find her father whom she hasn't seen since her parents divorced. After his plane crashes in the desert, her father gets caught by diamond hunters. Grace follows her fathers route along with family friend Kadjiro...
Lignes de Front Lignes de Front (2010) Character: Monsieur-la-Bête
Paris, April 1994. Young freelance journalist Antoine Rives is making a report on Westerners who have been repatriated from Rwanda, fleeing the massacres. He meets Clément, a student of Hutu origin whose Tutsi fiancée Alice hasn’t been able to leave Rwanda. Antoine convinces Clément to go back with him to look for Alice, and to let him film the journey. Their pact soon becomes untenable as they find themselves thrown into chaos. This is a journey through horror during which a young man’s First World illusions are stripped away as he wakes up to human tragedy.
Africa paradis Africa paradis (2007) Character: M'Doula
France, 2033. Olivier, an engineer, and Pauline, a teacher, decide to emigrate to the United States of Africa because they can no longer live in their country.
L'Orage africain: un continent sous influence L'Orage africain: un continent sous influence (2017) Character: Dolomey
The president of an African country, suffering from seeing its rich natural resources exploited only by western corporations, decides to nationalize all means of production built on the territory by foreigners.
La ligne blanche La ligne blanche (2010) Character: François
Jean, a respected theater actor, leads a dissolute life. Separated from the mother of his child, he devotes most of his time to work, alcohol, and women. Sylvain in full adolescence, feels the need to get closer to his father. On a whim, both of them leave to join an old friend of Jean, Bob the American, who lives on an isolated ranch. From then on, they will try to apprehend each other, with clumsiness, hesitation and sometimes even violence.
Bàttu Bàttu (2000) Character: N/A
The star-stubbed cast includes Issac de Bankolè as Saar, a blind beggar, and Danny Glover as a corrupt president. In this often hilarious mix of politics and superstition, the beggars hamper the tourist industry yet play a necessary role opposite the lives of devout and wealthy Muslims. The agitated Minister of Public Health and Sanitation imposes a novel way of eliminating the problem.
Kaniama Show Kaniama Show (2018) Character: N/A
Kaniama Show is a satire of national TV in an African country, spreading its propaganda of soft power between complaisant interviews and musical interludes.
Implosion Implosion (2011) Character: Wilhelm
Seventeen-year-old Thomas and his father Niels spend their summer holidays at the Spanish coast. But their father and son time out takes a turn when a boat with African refugees sinks close to their hotel. One of them is 20-year-old Djamile. On a motorbike tour Thomas runs into Djamile and quickly decides to hide her from the Spanish authorities and the smugglers who brought her to Europe. When Niels and Angelica, Thomas’ teacher and his father’s love affair, learn about Thomas’ secret the situation is getting even more explosive. Niels does not support his son’s plans at all. Naive but passionate Thomas struggles to find a way to save Djamile. Deeper and deeper, he explores an unknown world of desperation, hope, greed, violence, betrayal, sorrow and... love.
Magic Paris Magic Paris (2007) Character: N/A
Kate comes alone to Paris for the week-end. In this city she doesn't know, she is going to meet a man and his dog.
Maman(s) Maman(s) (2015) Character: Alioune
The 8-year-old Aida lives in an apartment in the Parisian suburb. The daily life of Aida and the whole family is overwhelmed when her father comes back from Senegal, their country of origin. Actually, he did not come back alone. He returned with the young Senegalese Rama whom he introduced as his second wife. Aida is very sensitive to her mother's distress. She decides then to get rid of the new visitor.
The Front Line The Front Line (2006) Character: Joe Yumba
An African immigrant bank security guard turns the tables on Dublin's nastiest criminals when they force him to be the "inside man" on a bank robbery.
Ca$h Ca$h (2008) Character: Letallec
A man meets up with two "good guys" to recover what is unlawfully his, taking them on his whirlwind ride, doing things they never would have imagined, just to survive.
Soumsoum, la nuit des astres Soumsoum, la nuit des astres (2026) Character: Garba
Seventeen-year-old Kellou has been gifted with supernatural powers she does not understand. Her disquiet and uncertainty only change when she meets Aya. It is an encounter with destiny that forges a mystical world where the visible and invisible converge.
Thelma, Louise et Chantal Thelma, Louise et Chantal (2010) Character: Agent immobilier
Chantal, Gabrielle and Nelly, three fiftyish women, decide to make the trip to the wedding of an ex together.
Je voudrais que quelqu'un m'attende quelque part Je voudrais que quelqu'un m'attende quelque part (2020) Character: Doctor
In the beautiful family home, at the end of the summer, Monique celebrates her 70th birthday, surrounded by her 4 children, all of whom have come for the occasion. There is Jean-Pierre, the elder, who took on the role of head of the family after the death of his father; Juliette, pregnant with her first child at 40 and who still dreams of becoming a writer; Margaux, the family’s radical artist, and Mathieu, 30, anxious to seduce pretty Sarah. Later, one day, one of them will make a life-changing decision ...
Les Rois mages Les Rois mages (2001) Character: Babar le videur
The Three Wise Men – Balthazar, Melchior and Gaspard – are on their way to Bethlehem to pay homage to the infant Jesus when they are suddenly, an inexplicably, transported two thousand years into the future. They find themselves walking the streets of Paris, where they encounter a young woman called Macha who, they are convinced, will lead them to the newborn Messiah.
Transporter 3 Transporter 3 (2008) Character: Ice
Frank Martin puts the driving gloves on to deliver Valentina, the kidnapped daughter of a Ukrainian government official, from Marseilles to Odessa on the Black Sea. En route, he has to contend with thugs who want to intercept Valentina's safe delivery and not let his personal feelings get in the way of his dangerous objective.
Les Enfants du marais Les Enfants du marais (1999) Character: 'Banania'
The film is set in Marais, a quiet region along the banks of Loire river in 1918. Riton is afflicted with a bad-tempered wife and three unruly children. Garris lives alone with his recollections of World War I trenches. Their daily life consists of seasonal work and visits from their two pals: Tane, the local train conductor and Amédée, a dreamer and voracious reader of classics.
La Horde La Horde (2010) Character: Adewale
A bunch of crooked cops raid a ruined building located in an impoverished suburb of Paris, determined to furiously avenge the death of one of them, murdered by the ruthless criminal gang hidden on top of the dark labyrinth that will become a deathly trap when the living, unexpectedly turned into the undead by a mysterious plague, begin to devour the world.
Le silence de la forêt Le silence de la forêt (2003) Character: Gonaba
A film about the difficulty for even the most well-intentioned person to know and respect another culture. In this case, the problem is so acute that there is even heated debate over what to call that 'other.' The subtitles in the film use the familiar word 'pygmies,' a relatively pejorative European term; the Bantu or villagers' expression for the same group, Babingas, carries similar negative connotations. These highly specialized, tropical rainforest hunter-gatherers should perhaps be called by their own ethnonym, Aka, MoAka (sing.) and BaAka (pl.)
Lumumba Lumumba (2000) Character: Patrice Émery Lumumba
The true story of the rise to power and brutal assassination of the formerly vilified and later redeemed leader of the independent Congo, Patrice Lumumba. Using newly discovered historical evidence, Haitian-born and later Congo-raised writer and director Raoul Peck renders an emotional and tautly woven account of the mail clerk and beer salesman with a flair for oratory and an uncompromising belief in the capacity of his homeland to build a prosperous nation independent of its former Belgian overlords. Lumumba emerges here as the heroic sacrificial lamb dubiously portrayed by the international media and led to slaughter by commercial and political interests in Belgium, the United States, the international community, and Lumumba's own administration; a true story of political intrigue and murder where political entities, captains of commerce, and the military dovetail in their quest for economic and political hegemony.
San Antonio San Antonio (2004) Character: Jérémie Blanc
While a terrorist epidemy strikes the world leaders, the commissaire San-Antonio and his partner, the lieutenant Bérurier, have to escort the French ambassador in a British hotel. But after a negligence of Bérurier (one more little sex affair...), San-Antonio witnessed, helpless, to the ambassador's abduction, organized by a gorgeous Italian girl. Back to Paris, San-Antonio is dismissed by the police chief, Achille Hachille. A real godsend for Bérurier, who get promoted... But soon, the situation degenerates, when the president of the Republic mysteriously disappears. Immediate reaction from Police Minister : San-Antonio is the only one who can save the day. He has 48 hours and a secret squad to find the president. At the Elysée, San-Antonio finds Bérurier, the official investigator. But now, it's every man for himself : who will be the first to find the President ?
Omar Omar (2009) Character: Le père d'Omar
The story of Omar, a young gay man who lives in a neighbourhood he loves and neighbours that love him. But he is under pressure because he has fallen in love and he cannot even talk about it as he will end up revealing that he is homosexual — not even to his best friend Morad.
Le Flic de Belleville Le Flic de Belleville (2018) Character: Ladji Touré
When a childhood friend from Miami gets killed after he comes to warn of encroaching drug gangs, Baaba moves to Miami and teams up with a local officer to bring down the criminals.
Nous trois ou rien Nous trois ou rien (2015) Character: Adama
An Iranian family survives the shah and the ayatollah and moves to France. This story follows the family through it all. Despite the politics, revolution, prison, beatings, assassinations and suicides this is a comedy.
Hitman Hitman (2007) Character: Bwana Ovie
A genetically engineered assassin with deadly aim, known only as "Agent 47" eliminates strategic targets for a top-secret organization. But when he's double-crossed, the hunter becomes the prey as 47 finds himself in a life-or-death game of international intrigue.
Le passé devant nous Le passé devant nous (2017) Character: Michel
Alice leads a routine life as an escort and dodges social contact. When she's forced to take care of her son after the death of her ex, her apparent indifference seems to fade away and she gets confronted with her emotional emptiness.
35 Rhums 35 Rhums (2009) Character: Blanchard
A widower and his daughter witness the retirement of a colleague of his and the closing of her department at her university.
Carlos Carlos (2010) Character: Hassan al-Tourabi
The story of Venezuelan revolutionary, Ilich Ramirez Sanchez, who founded a worldwide terrorist organization and raided the OPEC headquarters in 1975 before being caught by the French police.
The Nativity Story The Nativity Story (2006) Character: Balthasar
Mary and Joseph make the hard journey to Bethlehem for a blessed event in this retelling of the Nativity story. This meticulously researched and visually lush adaptation of the biblical tale follows the pair on their arduous path to their arrival in a small village, where they find shelter in a quiet manger and Jesus is born.
King Guillaume King Guillaume (2009) Character: Le curé
Magali plays in a brass band. Guillaume drives a small tourist train. Both spin a perfect love, they share modest dreams and their baby is about to come. But an unexpected news upsets their routine: a man appears and announces that he is Guillaume's estranged father and also reveals that Guillaume is his legitimate heir of a kingdom offshore of France and England. Guillaume and Magali start to dream of a life as monarchs, surrounded by faithful subjects in their castle, enjoying their wealth. But reality is often different to what you can imagine.
Zouk, Mariage et Ouélélé Zouk, Mariage et Ouélélé (2002) Character: N/A
In Julius Amédée-Laou's biting dramedy, a supposedly joyful interracial wedding descends into chaos when long-buried prejudices and family secrets rise to the surface. Told through the cocky lens of the bride's younger brother, what begins as a lighthearted summer affair turns nightmarish as scandal threatens to destroy the unlikely couple's big day.
Black Gold Black Gold (2011) Character: Hassan Dakhil
On the Arabian Peninsula in the 1930s, two warring leaders come face to face. The victorious Nesib, Emir of Hobeika, lays down his peace terms to rival Amar, Sultan of Salmaah. The two men agree that neither can lay claim to the area of no man’s land between them called The Yellow Belt. In return, Nesib adopts Amar’s two boys Saleeh and Auda as a guarantee against invasion. Twelve years later, Saleeh and Auda have grown into young men. Saleeh, the warrior, itches to escape his gilded cage and return to his father’s land. Auda cares only for books and the pursuit of knowledge. One day, their adopted father Nesib is visited by an American from Texas. He tells the Emir that his land is blessed with oil and promises him riches beyond his wildest imagination. Nesib imagines a realm of infinite possibility, a kingdom with roads, schools and hospitals all paid for by the black gold beneath the barren sand. There is only one problem. The precious oil is located in the Yellow Belt.
Disgrace Disgrace (2008) Character: Petrus
Disgrace is the story of a South African professor of English who loses everything: his reputation, his job, his peace of mind, his good looks, his dreams of artistic success, and finally even his ability to protect his cherished daughter. After having an affair with a student, he moves to the Eastern Cape, where he gets caught up in a mess of post-apartheid politics.
China Salesman China Salesman (2017) Character: Sheik Asaid
Yan Jian, a young Chinese IT engineer who volunteers to go to North Africa and help the company he works for to win a competition. The winner can own the right to control the communication between south and north. French spy Michael works for the West. His boss ordered him to go to the North Africa and win the competition, and they can control the great mineral resources of Africa. He hired the best mercenary in Africa whose name is Lauder and a former general Kabbah to help him. Yan has discovered their conspiracy, he is the only one who can stop them.
La Mort du Chinois La Mort du Chinois (1998) Character: Bekate, nurse
Michel, a children's book author, has always been successful in life until the day his wife leaves him for a Chinese person. Planning on killing his rival, he starts looking for them.
Bastille Day Bastille Day (2016) Character: Baba
Michael Mason is an American pickpocket living in Paris who finds himself hunted by the CIA when he steals a bag that contains more than just a wallet. Sean Briar, the field agent on the case, soon realises that Michael is just a pawn in a much bigger game and is also his best asset to uncover a large-scale conspiracy.
Bronx Bronx (2020) Character: Stephan Jankovic
Caught in the crosshairs of police corruption and Marseille’s warring gangs, a loyal cop must protect his squad by taking matters into his own hands.
600 kilos d'or pur 600 kilos d'or pur (2010) Character: Melchior
A group of adventurers make off with 600 kilograms of gold in Guyana, but when their helicopter crashes in the jungle, gold fever takes over.
L2: എമ്പുരാൻ L2: എമ്പുരാൻ (2025) Character: Kabuga
Five years after becoming Chief Minister of Kerala, Jathin Ramdas' move to align with communal forces led by Balraj 'Baba' Bajrangi, triggers Stephen Nedumpally aka Khureshi Ab'raam to return with his Man Friday Zayed Masood to save his home state and settle scores.
Ritueel Ritueel (2022) Character: Cézaire Nduka
The discovery of a chopped-off hand in a Brussels canal forces Belgian police diver Kiki to face deep guilt from the past, her own and her country’s. Based on the book ‘Ritual’ by Mo Hayder.
Kingdom of Heaven Kingdom of Heaven (2005) Character: Firuz
After his wife dies, a blacksmith named Balian is thrust into royalty, political intrigue and bloody holy wars during the Crusades.
XXL XXL (1997) Character: Omar
Tunisian-Jewish businessman Alain Berrebi (Michel Boujenah) courts Ashkenazi princess Arlette Stern (Elsa Zylberstein). Her father David (Maurice Chevit) learns of the death of a rural Auvergne peasant who once hid David and his cousin Nathan (Felix Fibich) from the Nazis. Nathan is now a NYC diamond dealer on West 47th Street. David, Nathan, Arlette, and Berrebi head for the funeral in Auvergne. There they encounter the deceased peasant's son, Jean Bourdalou (Gerard Depardieu), who operates the family's restaurants in Paris. Arlette does a romantic take on Bourdalou, which sends the distraught Berrebi off to cry on the shoulder of his mother Gaby (Gina Lollobrigida). Back in Paris, Bourdalou and Berrebi make plans to open a trendy fashion restaurant in Manhattan.
Les Rivières pourpres 2 : Les Anges de l'apocalypse Les Rivières pourpres 2 : Les Anges de l'apocalypse (2004) Character: Policier
No one is safe when seemingly random killings emerge as a deadly pattern intended to usher in the end of the world. A murder victim with the same DNA as Christ. A serial killer mimicking the deaths of the 12 Apostles. Inspector Niemans and a young, rebellious detective team up with a beautiful expert in religion to crack the case before their elusive suspect completes the cycle of terror, paving the way to an even bigger bloody catastrophe.
Une saison en France Une saison en France (2018) Character: Abbas Mahadjir
An African high school teacher flees his war-torn country for France, where he falls in love with a Frenchwoman who offers a roof for him and his family.
La Terre et le Sang La Terre et le Sang (2020) Character: Adama
A sawmill owner and his teenage daughter become tangled in a deadly feud when a drug dealer stashes stolen cocaine on their remote property.
Bianco e nero Bianco e nero (2008) Character: Bertrand
Racial integration is Elena's profession and passion, not only filling her working day as a cultural mediator assisting immigrants, but spilling over into her home life as well. All too often her husband Carlo must attend charity events where he feels distinctly out of place. During one of these evenings, Carlo meets Nadine, a beautiful black woman.
Le Gang des Antillais Le Gang des Antillais (2016) Character: Politik
A gun to be heard, a pen to make yourself understood. The identical course of four young West Indians men who arrived to Paris in the 70's.
3 Days to Kill 3 Days to Kill (2014) Character: Jules
A dangerous international spy is determined to give up his high stakes life to finally build a closer relationship with his estranged wife and daughter. But first, he must complete one last mission - even if it means juggling the two toughest assignments yet: hunting down the world's most ruthless terrorist and looking after his teenage daughter for the first time in ten years, while his wife is out of town.
박쥐 박쥐 (2009) Character: Immanuel
A respected priest volunteers for an experimental procedure that may lead to a cure for a deadly virus. He gets infected and dies, but a blood transfusion of unknown origin brings him back to life. Now, he’s torn between faith and bloodlust, and has a newfound desire for the wife of a childhood friend.
Domino Domino (2019) Character: Ezra Tarzi
Seeking justice for his partner’s murder by an ISIS member, a Copenhagen police officer finds himself caught in a cat and mouse game with a duplicitous CIA agent who is using the killer as a pawn to trap other ISIS members.
Aya de Yopougon Aya de Yopougon (2013) Character: Hyacinthe
While Aya has dreams of becoming a doctor, her two best friends, Adjoua and Bintou, just like to hang out and spend their evenings dancing, drinking and flirting with boys. Their ambition is to follow Plan C: Combs, Clothes and Chasing Men! But big trouble comes to town when Adjoua realizes she’s pregnant, and the baby’s father is the spoiled son of one of the richest and most feared men in the whole country.
Femme Fatale Femme Fatale (2002) Character: Black Tie
A $10-million diamond rip-off, a stolen identity, a new life married to a diplomat. Laure Ash has risked big, won big. But then a tabloid shutterbug snaps her picture in Paris, and suddenly, enemies from Laure's secret past know who and where she is. And they all want their share of the diamond heist. Or her life. Or both.
Henry Henry (2012) Character: Karanja
The detective Silvestri has a zealous wife, a child on the way and a double murder to be solved in a livid Rome selling drugs and consuming lives. His investigation intersects the lives of young people and affected Nina and John, in spite of themselves involved in the murder of a drug dealer and his mother. Aerobics instructor her layabout him, the young lovers try to work out and awkwardly from a story larger than themselves. In the background is moving while the murder underworld clan committed to winning a prestigious post in the heroin market. Among African criminals and delirious, Silvestri will be up to restore order and find the culprits. The price you pay will be high, however.
SMS SMS (2014) Character: Le grand flic
At 9:00, Laurent receives a worrying text message. 9:01, his mobile's stolen. 9:30, his son disappears. 10:00, his house burns down. 10:15, his wife leaves him. 10:30, his company goes bankrupt. 11:00, he's in custody. The day's got off to a bad start.
Case départ Case départ (2011) Character: Isidore
Two contempo Frenchmen of Antillean descent visit their ancestor's time as well as their land in the slavery-themed French era.
Ma femme est une actrice Ma femme est une actrice (2001) Character: Le videur de la boite
A "normal" guy who is married to a hot actress gets worried that she is involved with her costar. This worry turns into jealousy and causes problems in their relationship. This is a story about trust and a comedy about the actions between men and women.
Comme les autres Comme les autres (2008) Character: l'assistant social
They were the perfect loving couple, well, almost. Emmanuel wanted a child but Philippe didn't. One day, however, Emmanuel decides to take the plunge, at the risk of losing Philippe. But how do you make a child when you are gay?
Le Crocodile du Botswanga Le Crocodile du Botswanga (2014) Character: Lieutenant Yaya
Leslie Konda young talented French footballer spotted in his teens by Didier , a small-scale agent who was able to take under his wing , has signed its first contract striker in a large Spanish club . At the same time, his growing reputation and its origins Botswanga , small, poor state of Central Africa, earned him an invitation by the President of the Republic in person Babimbi Bobo , a football enthusiast, freshly installed in power after a coup military state. Leslie therefore went for the first time in the country of his ancestors accompanied by Didier to be decorated by the President Bobo which quickly turns out, despite his great humanist discourse be a megalomaniac and paranoid dictator under the bad influence of his wife .dropoff window Hardly have they landed Bobo enters into a sordid deal with Didier put pressure on his player so that it plays for the national team : Crocodiles of Botswanga ...
Chacun cherche son chat Chacun cherche son chat (1996) Character: Ouvrier ébéniste
When Chloe, a young Parisian, decides to take a long-overdue vacation, she has to find someone to look after Gris-Gris, her beloved cat. Everyone, including her gay male roommate, refuses to help her, but she finally makes an arrangement with the elderly Madame Renée, who often watches over other peoples' cats and dogs. However, when Chloe comes back, Madame Renée tells her that unfortunately the cat has been lost, and the unlucky owner goes on a search for her dear animal friend. While looking for the cat, she meets many colorful characters who populate the neighborhood.
Ici et là-bas Ici et là-bas (2024) Character: Professeur Ibrahima
A visa problem forces Adrien back to Paris after 15 years in Senegal with his wife Aminata. Her cousin Sékou, now distanced from his Senegalese origins, takes in Adrien. As Adrien awaits his return, Sékou shows him France, sparking surprises.



Our Work is

Designed, crafted, and built with ❤️ for fans of all kinds.



Anime | Movie
2024 Animeperson . All Rights Reserved